Lifetime major depression (MD) and self-esteem (SE) wereobtainedfrom thefirstwavedata(n=3483). The following disorders were assessed at the second wave interview (n~2900): alcohol abuse or dependence (AAD), drug abuse or dependence (DAD), nicotine dependence (ND), panic disorder (PD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD); and five types of phobias: agoraphobia (AgP), social (SoP), situational (SiP), animal (AnP), and blood-injury (BiP). Both AAD and DAD were modeled as trichotomous variables: no disorder, abuse only, dependence (with or without abuse). ND was assessed by the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (Heatherton et al. 1991) for the lifetime period of heaviest smoking. We trichotomized the scores: 0–3, 4–6 and ≥7. Lifetime non-smokers were assumed to have a zero score. Phobias were assessed by modified DSM-III criteria (APA, 1980). For GAD we required a minimum duration of 1 month. Conduct disorder (CD), antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), neuroticism (N), extraversion (E) and novelty seeking (NS) were assessed by a self-report questionnaire associated with the MM2 study (n~2740). SE was measured by the Rosenberg scale (Rosenberg, 1965), N and E by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire short-form (Eysenck et al. 1985),
