continued supply-side interventions in more recent years, including a continued decrease in the number of opioid prescriptions (11), the release of the 2016 CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain (33) and the 2017 Veteran’s Administration and Department of Defense for Clinical Practice Guidelines opioid prescribing (34). Whether these additional interventions are associated with further increases in illegal behaviors in persons with POUD is an important area of future study.
