by closely-related populations). For example, differentiation might be similar for each of CHB and JPT when individually compared to all the other six populations (or for LWK, MKK, and YRI). In general, GO terms corresponding to genes which are significantly diverged in expression in one population relative to the others are also diverged in expression in the other, closely-related populations (Figure S4). A caveat of these analyses is that the cell lines of individual populations were initially transformed at different time points and have been subject to differing numbers of passages, so it is possible that some of the population-specific signals reflect technical issues as opposed to true population-level divergence of function. However, when we consider the number of genes with VST greater than 0.2 in relation to median FST, we do not observe that comparisons involving CEU, the oldest cell lines exhibit unusually high VST (Figure S5).
