For each block, the item sequence consisted of 34 words that repeated once after either a short or a long lag (8 or 24 intervening items; n = 17 each; pseudo-randomized order), and 46 filler words that did not repeat. Items that were to be repeated were considered new items at the first presentation, and old items at the second presentation, and these repeated items formed the basis for the subsequent data analysis to compare “true” memory effects that are largely independent of the physical and connotational differences between stimuli. In contrast, never-repeated words were considered filler items and not included in the data analysis.
