2010; Qiang, Denny, & Ticku, 2007). Human post-mortem studies have revealed three single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the prodynorphin gene that are associated with alcohol dependence which overlap with CpG sites and are differentially methylated (Taqi et al., 2011). Prefrontal cortical tissue from post-mortem psychiatric patients display increased levels of DNMT1 and TET1. Furthermore, psychiatric patients with a history of alcohol-abuse showed an even greater induction of TET1, yet normalized DNMT1 levels. These findings suggest that comorbidity of psychosis with alcoholism is a complex phenomenon and consideration needs to be taken in the treatment of individuals with comorbid disorders (Guidotti et al., 2013).
