Multivariate analyses of covariance controlling for demographic variables indicated significant personality differences among smoking status groups (see Table 2). Compared to never smokers, current smokers scored higher on Neuroticism and lower on Conscientiousness. Current smokers scored lower on Agreeableness, but this difference was not significant after controlling for demographic variables. Former smokers scored intermediate on Neuroticism and Conscientiousness. At the facet level, current smokers were characterized by traits related to the construct of impulsivity, (i.e., N5:Impulsiveness, E5:Excitement-Seeking, C5:Self-Discipline, and C6:Deliberation) [36]. Smokers as a group were also high on N3:Depression, N6:Vulnerability, and low in A4:Compliance, C1:Competence, and C3:Dutifulness. Although the magnitude of the effects is small, the differences among groups are consistent with the findings from previous studies [14]. Figure 1 plots the full profile of current smokers against current users of marijuana and cocaine/heroin, as well as never user of these substances. The Figure presents estimated marginal means after partialling out the demographic covariates. Former users are excluded.
