virus, DAMPs; Doitsh et al., 2014), are uncertain (Latz et al., 2013). Nevertheless, in vivo evidence from the immunohistochemical data reported herein (Figure 1) and our previous studies support the in vitro finding since we observed that chronic ethanol treatment increases IL-1β levels and induces both apoptosis and caspase-3 activation, as well as necrosis, in the WT mice but not in the TLR4-KO mice cerebral cortex (Alfonso-Loeches et al., 2010).
