et al. 2004) are associated with increased risk for substance use disorders (Bukstein et al. 1989; Chassin et al. 1999; DeMilio 1989; Kaminer and Frances 1991; Rose et al. 2004; Schuckit 1998; Wilens et al. 1997). Conduct disorder that is comorbid with ADHD poses a high risk for substance use disorders, although the risk is halved for treated youth (Wilens et al. 2003). Early onset substance use (i.e., at or before age 14) is associated with an increased likelihood of developing dependence (Grant 1998; Grant et al. 2001). Youth with a positive family history of substance use who start drinking in early adolescence are at exceptionally elevated risk for a substance use disorder (Grant 1998; Warner and White 2003).
