to be brought under control before warm and supportive parent-child relationships can develop. The foster care intervention program, for example, provides evidence that focusing on training parents to manage behavior problems in a non-hostile, consistent, and effective manner also increases secure attachment behavior for preschooler (Fisher et al., 2006). It is conceivable that different aspects of threat- and stress-response system activity are responsive to different facets of parental care in children exposed to ELS conditions early in life. Clearly, further study conducted within the context of the presented ELS model is needed in order to finely analyze how parental care is associated with activity of stress- and threat-response systems at different points in development. This information should allow us to develop interventions that better target aspects of neurobehavioral development that increase risk of psychopathology.
