it is necessary to analyse multiple (typically at least three) patients, each with independent iPSC derivations, clonally derived lines and differentiation experiment, which rapidly increases the number of samples that need to be analysed (Fig. 2). The number of each that are required depends on multiple factors including the magnitude of the phenotype and the degree of variability within a particular differentiation protocol, but it is unwise to rely at any stage on the results from a single experiment.