For the current study, developmental periods (timing) were coded as infant (0–2 years old), preschool and kindergarten (3–5 years old), early elementary school (6–8 years old), and middle elementary school (9–11 years old). Type of maltreatment was categorized as: physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect (i.e., failure to provide and lack of supervision), emotional maltreatment, and moral/legal/educational maltreatment (i.e., exposure to illegal activities that may foster antisocial behavior). Chronicity of maltreatment ranged from one to seven incidents and was recoded as: once, twice, and three or more occurrences. Children were identified as victims (=1) if any type of maltreatment was substantiated and they were first referred to CYS before age 12.
