also increases to nouns, verbs and adjectives (i.e., open class words) compared to semantically impoverished closed class words (e.g., prepositions; Bastiaansen et al., 2005). In a study manipulating visual vs. auditory semantic properties of the words embedded in a lexical decision task, Bastiaansen et al. (2008) observed that, unlike the N400, theta was uniquely sensitive to the modality-specific topography of the semantic representations. The specificity of theta oscillations to semantic retrieval is consistent with its increase during semantic priming (Salisbury and Taylor, 2012) and its engagement in memory functions, particularly during retrieval (Klimesch et al., 2001; Guderian and Duzel, 2005). Indeed, synchronous interactions between the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex have been observed specifically in theta range, confirming the importance of theta in memory functions with intracranial EEG recordings in humans (Steinvorth et al., 2010) and animals (Jones and Wilson, 2005; Siapas et al., 2005; Sirota et al., 2008). Among other evidence, these observations provide the basis for the view that oscillatory changes across different frequency bands afford a way to study and conceptualize binding of large-scale distributed representations during cognition that may underlie conscious experience in general (Basar, 2006; Dehaene and Changeux, 2011; Siegel et al., 2012). The oscillatory
