There has also been concern regarding the extent to which subjective reports of discrimination are independent of other psychological characteristics. Three recent studies found that the association between discrimination and health remained robust after adjustment for social desirability bias (Gee et al. 2007b; Krieger et al. 2005; Pole et al. 2005). In addition, in a study of Latino and African American adults, Brondolo et al. (2005) found that the association between discrimination and negative emotions was independent of cynical hostility and positive and negative affect, while a study of multiethnic adults found that the relationship between perceived discrimination and mood was independent of trait anxiety, social desirability and cynical hostility (Broudy et al. 2007). A study of black, white and Bangladeshi adults in the UK found an association between discrimination and psychological distress after adjustment for negative affect (Wadsworth et al. 2007).
