could reflect differential demand characteristics, greater uncertainty of the quantity of alcohol consumed, differences in operant paradigms across studies, or undetermined factors (Zimmermann et al., 2008, 2013). Importantly, differences in behavior across paradigms could have implications for detecting genetic influences or the effects of experimental manipulations. For example, reduced variability and lower rates of self-administration in oral paradigms could limit sensitivity for detecting pharmacological manipulations, with potential implications for medication screening.
