had low response rates in low-SES African Americans and Whites (Friedman et al., 1988; Wyatt et al., 2003). Among urban adults, researchers using phone listings risk excluding potential participants. Many potential participants’ only phone access is “pay as you go mobile” or non-working/unlisted phone number. Studies recruiting from churches accrued nonrepresentative cohorts. Compared with the demographics of the county, low-SES African American males were underrepresented even when the participating churches were predominantly African American (Carter-Edwards et al., 2002). Instead of using churches or other institutions as recruitment platforms, HANDLS invited the leaders of the various churches in the sample neighborhoods to become members of our CABs and integrated their suggestions into the study design.
