The present study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Republic of Korea. All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment. This study included 96 male participants between 18 and 60 years of age who were recruited from the SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center and the surrounding community of Seoul, South Korea. None of the participants had a history of intellectual disabilities (IQ score ≥ 80), psychotic disorders, or neurological disorders, all were psychotropic medication-naïve, and all were right-handed. Individuals who met the inclusion criteria were assigned to the appropriate group: IGD, AUD, or HC.
