by direct injection of a KOR antagonist into the CeA (Kissler et al., 2014) or into the nucleus accumbens (Nealey et al., 2011) also was shown to attenuate elevated alcohol consumption in dependent rats. Additionally, systemic administration of the novel short-acting KOR antagonist, LY2444296, abolished the ability of stress (forced swim) to enhance drinking in dependent mice (Anderson et al., 2016b).