or deviant behavior across gender and development. For instance, this work has suggested that deviancy training occurs in female adolescents, although to a lesser degree than among male adolescent dyads (Dishion, 2000; Piehler & Dishion, 2007). The process also has been observed in children as young as kindergartners; work by Snyder has shown that engagement in deviancy training predicts escalations in conduct problems across elementary school (Snyder et al., 2005, 2008). Several studies from the maturing Oregon Youth Study sample have detected predictive effects of deviancy training in early adolescence on problematic behavior in late adolescence and young adulthood (Dishion, Nelson, Winter, & Bullock, 2004; Dishion, Nelson, & Yasui, 2005; Patterson, Dishion, & Yoerger, 2000), suggesting that effects of deviancy training in adolescence persist beyond this developmental period.
