of confidence, and compare correctly retrieved items based on their confidence ratings, under the assumption that high-confidence judgments tend to accompany retrieval of source or contextual information. Crucial to all of these studies is a contrast between groups of successful encoding or retrieval events, which merely differ in the degree of retrieved context. In setting up such contrasts, a confound with non-associative processes such as vision, attention, or intentionality can be reduced. Strikingly, no study using either scalp or intracranial EEG that has employed an associative memory contrast observed selective decreases in low-frequency power (see Figure 2).
