Age, race / ethnicity (white, black, another), whether a participant met lifetime criteria for dependence on any of cocaine, opiates, sedatives, stimulants (yes, no), and maximum lifetime number of DSM-5 AUD symptoms were included as covariates in the primary analyses. Notably, participants who received the SSAGA-I or SSAGA-II were asked about their Hispanic ethnicity in a clustered manner, e.g., “white non-Hispanic,” “white Hispanic,” “black non-Hispanic,” and “black Hispanic.” Participants who received the SSAGA-IV were asked about Hispanic ethnicity in a separate question from race. Preliminary analyses indicated that being Hispanic was not significantly associated with outcomes, hence the race / ethnicity categories used throughout are white and black, inclusive of Hispanic ethnicity.
