were more likely to exhibit an elevated persistent trajectory of externalizing behavior if they also experienced less parental monitoring (Dick et al., 2009). Similarly, the association between GABRA2 genotype and externalizing behavior was stronger under conditions of high peer deviance and weaker under conditions of low peer deviance (Villafuerte et al., 2014). These specific cG × E effects are in need of replication, and meta-analytic approaches that combine effect sizes across multiple studies would provide more conclusive evidence about interactions between parental monitoring, peer deviance, and GABRA2 for conduct disorder related outcomes. Still, it is encouraging that the pattern is similar to what would be expected given previous latent G × E results as well as theory about how certain social contexts may constrain or amplify genetic differences.
