ADHD is characterized by a continued pattern of hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, or both and involve problems that interfere with school or home functioning. CD is defined by opposition to authority and is associated in children and young adults with headstrong behavior and substance use, whereas ODD is characterized by a negative, angry mood and is associated with anxiety and emotional disorders (Rowe, Costello, Angold, Copeland, & Maughan, 2010). These externalizing disorders are more prevalent in individuals with PAE compared to those without prenatal exposure (Tsang, Lucas, Carmichael Olson, Pinto, & Elliott, 2016), with timing and amount of alcohol exposure moderating the degree of problems (May et al., 2013; Sayal et al., 2014). Estimates of these disorders in individuals with PAE, based on smaller studies, range from 38% to 95% (Burd, Klug, Martsolf, & Kerbeshian, 2003; Fryer et al., 2007; Popova et al., 2016). In addition a meta-analysis estimated the prevalence of “disturbances of activity and attention” to range from 24%–78% in PAE individuals (Popova et al., 2016), and results from a large cohort of more than 2,000 PAE individuals revealed that
