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Chunk #17 — Results — Participant characteristics

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Time to First Morning Cigarette and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Smokers in the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial.
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Nineteen percent (n = 1,136) of current smokers self-reported diagnosis of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or both, thereby meeting our definition of COPD. Among COPD cases, 78% reported emphysema and 40% reported bronchitis; reporting of emphysema and chronic bronchitis were not mutually exclusive, and 18% of COPD cases reported both diagnoses. COPD diagnoses were approximately evenly distributed by gender. Compared to non-cases, individuals with COPD had lower education and smoked more cigarettes per day.