cross-lagged models with male and female participants as subgroups. Models with and without equality constraints on path coefficients and measurement parameters were compared and their differences of chi-squared statistics were tested. Significant differences in chi-squared statistics between models with and without across-group equality constraints indicate that the parameters that are constrained equal across groups may not be appropriate. Parameters were estimated by weighted least square estimator using Mplus version 7 (Muthén and Muthén, 2012).
