or nicotine dependence. This is consistent with our findings that the risk alleles of the variants in the IPO11-HTR1A region for alcohol and nicotine co-dependence increased the expression of HTR1A. Additionally, a well-known and functional promoter SNP of HTR1A, C-1016G (rs6295), displays differential binding to repressors and affects transcription (Lemonde et al., 2003; Strobel et al., 2003). Its minor allele G has been reported to increase risk for alcohol dependence (Lee et al., 2009) or increase the relapse rate of alcohol dependence (Wojnar et al., 2006), which is consistent with our conclusion that minor alleles in this region are risk alleles.
