The same caveats equally apply to the hypothesis testing guidelines we have offered. Because we believe most applications of IDA in clinical psychology will involve limited numbers of studies not representing a random sampling of studies from a defined population of studies, we focused our discussion on fixed-effects IDA. However, random-effects IDA presents a potentially powerful alternative that is largely unexplored as a pooled data analysis technique. Thoughtful consideration of this approach deserves greater attention in future research.