For chronic ethanol treatment, 40 (10 animals/group) 7-week-old C57BL/6 (WT/TLR4+/+) and TLR4-KO mice weighing 18–20 g were housed (four animals/cage), and were maintained with water (WT and TLR4-KO control) or water containing 10% (v/v) ethanol, and were placed on a solid diet ad libitum for 5 months.