Another way to think about our results is in terms of reference frames. In a retinotopic (gaze-centered) reference frame, locations are described relative to gaze (Figure S6A, top). Virtually all studied areas of visual cortex code in a retinotopic reference frame (Figure S6B, top; Cohen and Andersen, 2002; Golomb and Kanwisher, 2012). In contrast, a spatiotopic (world-centered) reference frame represents locations in the real world, independent of gaze (Figures S6A and S6B, bottom). In addition to other more established non-retinotopic spatial coding schemes (Chafee et al., 2007; Graziano and Gross, 1998; Olson, 2003), explicit spatiotopic reference frames may exist in higher level cortex (Dean and Platt, 2006; Duhamel et al., 1997).
