Genome-wide gene expression in whole blood of 90 heavy cannabis users and 100 cannabis-naïve participants showed that expression of PPFIA2 (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type F polypeptide-interacting-protein alpha-2) is increased in cannabis users and is negatively correlated with neuropsychological function in both groups162. Peripheral genome-wide gene expression in individuals with cocaine use disorder identified that the expression of genes involved in inflammation and immune functions (IRF1 and GBP5) were negatively correlated with anhedonia scores163.
