Excess alcohol use in 1975 was also associated with elevated suicide risk over the 35-year follow-up period in univariate analyses assessed as sex-specific excess alcohol use (⩾42 g/day for men and ⩾28 g/day for women) (HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.05–3.92), and as binge drinking, defined as more than one alcohol-associated blackout in the prior year (HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.43–3.64) (see Table 4). Table 4.Risk of death by suicide from 1982 to 2011 by stability of smoking behavior from 1975 to 1981aMultivariate model HR (95% CI)VariablesbAllMenWomenAge–sex adjusted only without other covariates or mental health exclusionsPersistent never smokers: reference1.001.001.001.00Initiators1.42 (0.56–3.61)1.78 (0.65–4.93)0.00 (0.00–0.00)c2.31 (1.14–4.70)Persistent former smokers1.66 (0.76–3.64)1.48 (0.58–3.80)2.96 (0.78–11.2)1.56 (0.83–2.95)Quitters2.13 (0.99–4.60)2.21 (0.89–5.45)1.97 (0.41–9.56)2.28 (1.23–4.22)Persistent active smokers2.56 (1.43–4.59)2.63 (1.30–5.35)2.35 (0.82–6.76)3.27 (2.11–5.08)Use of sedative–hypnotic medication2.10 (1.17–3.80)2.37 (1.23–4.55)1.40 (0.39–5.00)Excess alcohol use1.57 (0.80–3.06)1.77 (0.90–3.51)0.00 (0.00–0.00)cBinge drinking2.18 (1.34–3.53)2.07 (1.25–3.43)4.30 (1.20–15.32)Life satisfaction scale score in 19751.06 (0.99–1.14)1.08 (1.01–1.16)0.97 (0.78–1.21)Life satisfaction scale score in 19811.05 (0.99–1.12)1.02 (0.95–1.09)1.19 (1.07–1.34)Suicides, n1028220153Total N15 2317773745821 304HR, Hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.aThe first column shows a fully adjusted model that includes mental health-relevant covariates and sex and excludes persons with antipsychotic medication use and
