hierarchical clustering of equivalent gene expression data (all expression IDs targeted by cis-eQTL signals; Fig. 1b). This suggests a more nuanced relationship between gene regulation and expression, which allows a gene to be the target of different cis-eQTLs in different brain regions and yet have similar expression levels across brain regions (Supplementary Fig. 2). Thus, co-regulated cis-eQTL modules provide separate biological insights into the underlying regulatory architecture in human brain as compared to those from expression data alone.