For hepatotoxicity, hepatocyte cell lines or human primary hepatocytes are widely used. However, there are limitations to these models too, including cell resources, loss of function due to freezing-thawing, and lot-to-lot variation. Recently, human ESC/iPSC-derived hepatic cells were generated that express functional molecules such as CYP3A4 and uptake Indocyanine Green147 responding to known hepatotoxic drugs148. Functional 3D liver organ buds have also been reported, which may result in better drug screening99.
