Due to its brevity and verified psychometric properties, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) appears to be a very suitable tool for measuring depression [65,66], while Kroenke a Spitzer [67] emphasized the dual purpose of the 9-item version (PHQ 9), first, to diagnose depression and, second, to assess the severity of depression in individuals. This tool has proven successful in many studies focused on screening for depression in a sample of university students [57,68,69,70]. Subsequently, Grant et al. [71] found that the risk of depression (PHQ 9) in students under stress increases. Surprisingly, it was also found that non-medical students reported higher PHQ 9 scores than medical students [72], while based on the above-mentioned findings on stress in medical students, the opposite findings were expected. Lipson et al. [73] also revealed that students in the humanities, arts, and design disciplines are more likely to have mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, suicidality, or self-injury.
