A final potential moderator is whether personality traits are measured at a broad level, such as the Big Five, or a more narrow level, such as the facet level. Ferguson (2010) included this distinction in his meta-analysis and found a relatively small difference in stability between broad personality traits (r = .76) and narrow traits (r = .86). Similarly, it may be the case that the stabilities of genetic and environmental influences on broad and narrow indices of personality differ. As we have been unable to identify a clear theoretical rationale for expecting such differences, we do not make specific empirical predictions about the direction of such differences, and treat this question as exploratory. We do note however, that there is evidence that specific, facet-level personality factors may be influenced by a simpler, genetic architecture (e.g., Briley & Tucker-Drob, 2012; Terracciano et al., 2010), and that blended traits, such as integrity, have been put forward as better predictors of key life outcomes (e.g., Ones & Viswesvaran, 2001). Given that differences have been found between broad and narrow measures of personality
