Prevalence estimates for POUD over time are shown in Figure 1. POUD prevalence in the general population increased from 0.63% in 2002 to 0.71% in 2014, which resulted in an overall odds increase of 44% over the 13 year period (OR= 1.44, 95% CI 1.24–1.68, p<.001). To examine the changes in co-morbid HUD and POUD over time, we subdivided POUD into two groups: POUD without co-morbid HUD and POUD with co-morbid HUD. Though not as common as POUD without co-morbid HUD, the prevalence of POUD with co-morbid HUD increased significantly from 2002 to 2014 (OR=5.29, 95% CI 3.13–8.94, p<.001).
