Patients with BD treated with Li for a minimum of 1 year were evaluated for their treatment response. We used all available information, including data from clinical records, diagnostic interviews and prospective follow-up, and converted it to a score on a 0–10 scale previously validated and adopted by a number of research groups.50–52 A score of 7 or higher indicates positive response to treatment.51,52 Basic demographic and clinical data appear in Supplementary Table 1.