Quantification of disorganized migration of proliferating NPCs in schizophrenia compared to control cerebral organoids a Exemplary images showing Ki67+ (red) proliferating NPCs in the center of the rosette of a control organoid (line 2937) and their dispersion in a schizophrenia organoid (line 2038) (nuclei were stained with DAPI). b Increased density of proliferating cells in schizophrenia organoids. ROIs were outlined on organoid images from three control and three schizophrenia patients, as shown in (c1). Bar graph shows significantly higher average numbers of the KI67+ proliferating cells in schizophrenia ROIs than in control ROIs (17 control and 20 schizophrenia ROIs quantified). c Global Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) analysis of Ki67+ NPC dispersion within ROIs (c1—examples) was carried out using 17 control and 20 schizophrenia ROIs from three control cases and three schizophrenia patients (total of 649 and 1070 cells analyzed, respectively). The shortest connecting edges between cells were identified in pixels (c2) using MST calculating program and were grouped into bins (c3). Bin 1 contains edges of 0–5 pixels, bin 2 of 5–10 pixels, etc. Frequency indicates average numbers of cells per bin in all ROIs measured. Schizophrenia organoids displayed a shift towards longer MST distances. Two-Way ANOVA showed a significant interaction between organoid phenotype (control vs. disease) and the MST distances
