the strong immune component found in gene expression studies of PFC in human alcoholism. We also provide the first evidence for a connection between immune response, ethanol intake and dopamine signaling in PFC and the CI paradigm provides an approach for future studies of these interactions. It is important to note that both LPS treatment and the CI model promote an escalation of drinking, supporting the emerging concept that ethanol consumption is regulated by neuroimmune signaling [14], [26], [27].
