In the presence of maternal or paternal alcoholism, however, the pattern of gender differences was altered. For example, odds of mania were significantly higher for sons of fathers with alcoholism, and daughters of mothers with alcoholism. For nicotine dependence and schizoid personality disorder, maternal history alone had a significantly stronger effect on female offspring than male offspring; while for alcohol abuse both paternal and maternal histories had a significantly stronger effect on female offspring. In only one disorder, panic disorder, did maternal history have a significantly stronger effect on male offspring.
