Although it appears that most of the clonal mosaicism observed in GENEVA subjects represents a non-malignant condition, further work is needed to evaluate the fraction of subjects who might have unrecorded malignant conditions such as MDS and MPD, or undiagnosed CLL. MDS and MPD were added to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registries in 2001 and may still be under-recorded because they are often managed outside of the hospital setting44. Therefore, accurate prevalence data from widespread populations are not available, but local population estimates (0.1% MDS45 and 0.5% MPD46 in the elderly) are substantially less than the ~2.5% of GENEVA subjects with mosaic anomalies in the over 75 age.
