Chunk #3 — Quantification of bias when improperly controlling for covariates in G×E studies

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Gene × environment interaction studies have not properly controlled for potential confounders: the problem and the (simple) solution.

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However, assume that the investigators control for the covariate in the typical way by estimating only its main effect, and fit the following model: (2)Yi=β0*+βG*Gi+βE*Ei+βC1*C1i+βG×E*GiEi+εi