from 180,000 participants (as opposed to 100,000 total participants), we would expect the Z statistics for the SNP effects from Genomic SEM to be upwardly biased relative to those from a univariate GWAS applied directly to the single phenotype in the 100,000 participants. We observed no such bias. A linear regression of Z statistics from Genomic SEM (from the three overlapping samples of 60,000 participants each) predicting univariate GWAS Z statistics in the complete sample (of 100,000 participants) revealed near perfect correspondence (unstandardized slope = 1.003, intercept = −.003).
