A broad range of physical health outcomes have been considered in the 21 recent studies listed in Table 1. Several large cross-sectional studies have found a positive association between discrimination and chronic health conditions or other self-reported indicators of ill-health. These include a national study of Asian Americans (Gee et al. 2007a), a study of Filipino Americans in San Francisco and Hawaii (Gee et al. 2006a), an African American sample in the CARDIA study (Borrell et al. 2006), and a national study in New Zealand (Harris et al. 2006b). In the New Zealand study a dose–response relationship was observed between perceived discrimination and each of the five indicators of health: self-rated health, physical functioning, mental health, cigarette smoking, and self-reported cardiovascular disease (Harris et al. 2006b) Other cross-sectional studies have found self-reported discrimination related to abdominal fat (Vines et al. 2007), hemoglobin A1c (Piette et al. 2006), poorer sexual functioning (Zamboni and Crawford 2007), nutritional risk among Black men (Locher et al. 2005) less stage 4 sleep (i.e., “deep,” or slow-wave sleep) and physical fatigue (Thomas et al. 2006). Longitudinal
