Participants consisted of TNAD (33 men and 25 women) matched for age and gender with non-alcoholic controls (NAC: 33 men and 25 women), both groups ranging in age from 19.7 to 50.4 years (M = 31.5). All alcohol-use and gender groups had comparable years of education (See Table 1). Participants were recruited from the community through postings, mailings, newspaper ads, ads on an internet site, and referrals from other participants. All TNAD participants met American Psychiatric Association (2000) criteria for current alcohol dependence, were currently drinking, and had never sought treatment for alcoholism. All NAC had a lifetime drinking average of less than 30 drinks per month, no periods of drinking more than 60 drinks per month, and a negative lifetime history for alcohol abuse/dependence. Exclusion criteria for both groups were: 1) lifetime or current diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder (c-DIS) (Robins et al., 1998), 2) history of, or current drug abuse or dependence (other than nicotine or caffeine), 3) significant history of head trauma or cranial surgery, 4) history of significant neurological disease, 5) history of diabetes, stroke, or hypertension that required medical intervention, 6) laboratory evidence of hepatic disease, or 7) clinical evidence of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
