were told that they usually do worse than Asians, all had lower scores on an examination than control groups who were not confronted with a stigma of inferiority.87, 88 Some evidence indicates that in addition to adversely affecting academic performance, the activation of the stigma of inferiority also leads to increases in blood pressure.89 A recent review also indicated that studies have found a positive association between internalized racism and alcohol consumption and psychological distress among African Americans.80 In addition, internalized racism was positively associated with the risk of being overweight or abdominal obesity among black women in the Caribbean and with cardiovascular outcomes among black women in Africa.80
