The accumulating body of research has demonstrated that the importance of genetic influences can vary dramatically as a function of environmental context; importantly and alternatively phrased, the importance of environmental influences can vary dramatically as a function of genetic factors. For example, it has been demonstrated that genetic influences on adolescent substance use and externalizing behavior are far stronger under conditions of low parental monitoring (Dick, Pagan, Viken, et al., 2007; Dick, Viken, et al., 2007), high peer deviance (Button et al., 2009; Dick, Pagan, Holliday, et al., 2007; Dick, Pagan, Viken, et al., 2007; Harden et al., 2008), and state, school and neighborhood conditions that provide reduced social monitoring and enhanced opportunity to use (J. D. Boardman, 2009; Dick, Bernard, et al., 2009; Dick et al., 2001; R. J. Rose et al., 2001). However, this body of GxE research did not gain widespread recognition outside the field of twin research. It was not until the influential Science publication by Caspi and colleagues (Caspi et al., 2003) attributing part of the genetic sensitivity to the depressogenic effects of stressful life
