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Chunk #43 — Results — Is Increased Craving Associated With Greater Negative Affect? — Retrospective questionnaires

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A multimodal approach to assessing the impact of nicotine dependence, nicotine abstinence, and craving on negative affect in smokers.
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We examined the impact of postquit craving, as measured by the WSWS Craving scale and its interactions with EOT group status, and session, with baseline retrospective questionnaires as covariates, separately for each of the affect-related retrospective questionnaires (CES-D, PANAS) during the postquit sessions (2 to 4). We found main effects indicating that CES-D (PE = 0.41, SE = 0.10; F(1, 178) = 17.08, p < .001) and PANAS NEG (PE = 0.47, SE = 0.09; F(1, 181) = 24.78, p < .0001) increased, and PANAS POS ratings decreased (PE = −0.27, SE = 0.10; F(1, 181) = 6.80, p < .01), with each unit increase in WSWS Craving score. There were no other significant effects involving postquit WSWS Craving scores. The retrospective questionnaires suggest that increased craving is associated with increased negative affect.