Many routes of ethanol administration are used in rat models of FASD: chronic exposure (i.e., throughout gestation) producing moderate stable BACs occurs with liquid diet and voluntary drinking paradigms (55, 69, 87–90, 122–128, 170–180), or if high BACs are preferred oral intubation can be used, either during the gestation period (181), the third trimester equivalent only (56, 95–98, 182–187), or through all three trimester equivalents (78–80). Vapor inhalation (188, 189) is seldom used in current protocols and injection of ethanol i.p. or s.c. does not occur as commonly in rat models and tends to be reserved for mouse models where the effects of ethanol on neuroanatomical features are examined (47, 67, 157).
