The fact that illicit drug abuse is part of the repertoire of problem/antisocial behavior rooted in human behavioral evolution, along with the other commonalities discussed, directs attention to the area where interventions may be particularly effective. The distinction between the sources of variation – drug-specific or common – is obviously important for elucidation of etiologic factors, including genes. An important conclusion from the substantial non-specificity of genetic mechanisms of phenotypic variation in addiction liability is the likely predominant significance of behavior regulation, particularly as pertains to social behavior, and nonspecific neurobiological pathways, as opposed to the specific mechanisms of drug biotransformation or action. Although such specific mechanisms do exist and, moreover, can be capitalized upon in intervention (the therapeutic effects may be large even if the natural effects of the same factors are small), their role appears to be minimal under “natural” conditions. Therefore, there may be a greater chance to discover actionable mechanisms when nonspecific liability, shared in common between risks for addiction to specific drugs, is addressed. Such interventions, channeling ontogenesis of the CLA phenotype away from the
