reduced adipose mass; however, it does highlight the importance of adipose tissue per se. Another possibility is that these Tg mice have normal body weight and very little adipose tissue so they cannot become much leaner with FGF21 treatment. An important consideration in this study is that we cannot distinguish the anti-diabetic efficacy from weight loss caused by FGF21 since all improvements in glucose homeostasis were coincident with weight loss. In a previous study, we have shown that FGF21 can improve metabolic parameters independently of body weight changes [6].